Cryogenics And The Future

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Term Paper Title	Cryogenics And The Future
# of Words	1418
# of Pages (250 words per page double spaced)	5.67

Cryogenics and the Future

Cryogenics and the Future

     Cryogenics is a study that is of great importance to the human race and
has been a major project for engineers for the last 100 years.  Cryogenics,
which is derived from the Greek word kryos meaning "Icy Cold," is the study of
matter at low temperatures.  However low is not even the right word for the
temperatures involved in cryogenics, seeing as the highest temperature dealt
with in cryogenics is 100 (C (-148 (F) and the lowest temperature used, is the
unattainable temperature -273.15 (C (-459.67 (F).  Also, when speaking of
cryogenics, the terms Celsius and Fahrenheit are rarely used.  Instead
scientists use a different measurement called the Kelvin (K).  The Kelvin scale
for Cryogenics goes from 173 K to a fraction of a Kelvin above absolute zero.
There are also two main sciences used in cryogenics, and they are
Superconductivity and Superfluidity.

     Cryogenics first came about in 1877, when a Swiss Physicist named Rasul
Pictet and a French Engineer named Louis P. Cailletet liquefied oxygen for the
first time.  Cailletet created liquid oxygen in his lab using a process known as
adiabatic expansion, which is a "thermodynamic process in which the temperature
of a gas is expanded without adding or extracting heat from the gas or the
surrounding system"(Vance 26).  At the same time Pictet used the "Joule-Thompson
Effect," a thermodynamic process that states that the "temperature of a fluid is
reduced in a process involving expansion below a certain temperature and
pressure"(McClintock 4).  After Cailletet and Pictet, a third method, known as
cascading, was developed by Karol S. Olszewski and Zygmut von Wroblewski in
Poland.  At this point in history Oxygen was now able to be liquefied at 90 K,
then soon after liquid Nitrogen was obtained at 77 K, and because of these
advancements scientist all over the world began competing in a race to lower the
temperature of matter to Absolute Zero (0 K) [Vance, 1-10].

     Then in 1898, James DeWar mad a major advance when he succeeded in
liquifying hydrogen at 20 K.  The reason this advance was so spectacular was
that at 20 K hydrogen is also boiling, and this presented a very difficult
handling and storage problem.  DeWar solved this problem by inventing a double-
walled storage container known as the DeWar flask, which could contain and hold
the liquid hydrogen for a few days.  However, at this time scientists realized
that if they were going to make any more adva...

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