Holograms

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Term Paper Title	Holograms
# of Words	1006
# of Pages (250 words per page double spaced)	4.02

Holograms

Holograms

      Toss a pebble in a pond -see the  ripples?   Now  drop  two pebbles close
together.  Look at what happens when the  two  sets of waves combine -you get a
new wave!  When a crest and a  trough meet,  they cancel out and the water goes
flat.  When two  crests meet, they produce one,  bigger crest.  When two troughs
collide, they make a single,  deeper trough.  Believe it or  not,   you've just
found a key to understanding how a hologram works.  But what do waves  in  a
pond  have  to  do  with  those  amazing  three-dimensional pictures?  How do
waves make a hologram look like the real thing?

      It all starts with light.  Without it,  you can't see.  And much like the
ripples in a pond,  light travels in  waves.   When you look at, say, an apple,
what you really see are the waves of light reflected from it.  Your  two  eyes
each  see  a  slightly different view of the apple.   These  different  views
tell  you about the apple's depth -its form and where it sits  in  relation to
other objects.  Your brain processes this information so  that you see the apple,
and the rest of the world,  in 3-D.  You  can look around objects,  too -if the
apple is blocking the  view  of an orange behind it,  you can just move your
head  to  one  side. The apple seems to "move" out of the  way  so  you  can
see  the orange or even the back of  the  apple.   If  that  seems  a  bit
obvious,   just  try  looking  behind  something  in  a   regular photograph!
You can't,  because the photograph  can't  reproduce the infinitely complicated
waves of light reflected  by  objects; the lens of a camera can only focus those
waves into a flat,  2-D image.  But a hologram can capture a 3-D image so
lifelike  that you can look around the image of the apple to an  orange  in  the
background -and it's all thanks to  the  special  kind  of  light waves produced
by a laser.

        "Normal" white light from the  sun  or  a  lightbulb  is  a combination
of every colour of light in the spectrum -a  mush  of different waves that's
useless for holograms.  But a laser shines light in a thin, intense beam that's
just one colour.  That means laser light waves are uniform and in step.  When
two laser  beams intersect,  like two sets of ripples meeting  in  a  pond,
they produce a single new wave pattern:  the hologram.  Here's how  it happens:
Light coming from a laser  is  split  into  two  beams, called the object beam
and the reference beam.  Spread by  lenses and...

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