The Discovery Of The Electron

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unit). The sign of the electron's charge is negative by convention, and that of
the equally charged proton is positive. This is somewhat a unfortunate
convention, because the flow of electrons in a conductor is opposite to the
conventional direc tion of the current.

     The most accurate direct measurement of e is the oil drop experiment
conducted by R.A. Milikan in 1909. In this experiment, the charges of droplets
of oil in air are measured by finding the electric field which balances each
drop against its weight. The weight of each drop is determined by observing its
rate of free fall through the air, and using Stokes' formula for the viscous
drag on a slowly moving sphere. The charges thus measured are integral multiples
of e.

     Electrons are emitted in radioactivity  and in many other
decay processes. The electron itself is completely stable. Electrons contribute
the bulk to ordinary matter; the volume of an atom is nearly all occupied by the
cloud of elec trons surrounding the nucleus, which occupies only about 10^-13 of
the atom's volume. The chemical properties of ordinary mat...

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