The History Of Carbon

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Term Paper Title	The History Of Carbon
# of Words	1099
# of Pages (250 words per page double spaced)	4.4

The History of Carbon

The History of Carbon

I.     Introduction

  A.     The History of Carbon

II.     Occurrences in Nature

  A.     Diamond

  B.     Graphite

  C.     Coal and Charcoal

  D.     Amorphous Carbon

III.          Carbon Compounds

  A.     Inorganic

  B.     Organic

IV.     The Carbon Cycle

IV.     Conclusion

Carbon, an element discovered before history itself, is one of the most
abundant elements in the universe.  It can be found in the sun, the stars,
comets, and the atmospheres of most planets.  There are close to ten million
known carbon compounds, many thousands of which are vital to the basis of life
itself  (WWW 1).

Carbon occurs in many forms in nature.  One of its purest forms is diamond.
Diamond is the hardest substance known on earth.  Although diamonds found  in
nature are colorless and transparent, when combined with other elements its
color can range from pastels to black.  Diamond is a poor conductor of heat and
electricity.  Until 1955 the only sources of diamond were found in deposits of
volcanic origin.  Since then scientists have found ways to make diamond from
graphite and other synthetic materials.  Diamonds of true gem quality are not
made in this way (Beggott 3-4).

Graphite is another form of carbon.  It occurs as a mineral in nature, but it
can be made artificially from amorphous carbon.  One of the main uses for
graphite is for its lubricating qualities.  Another is for the "lead" in pencils.
Graphite is used as a heat resistant material and an electricity conductor.  It
is also used in nuclear reactors as a lubricator (Kinoshita 119-127).

Amorphous carbon is a deep black powder that occurs in nature as a component of
coal.  It may be obtained artificially from almost any organic substance by
heating the substance to very high temperatures without air. Using this method,
coke is produced from coal, and charcoal is produced from wood.  Amorphous
carbon is the most reactive form of carbon.  Because amorphous carbon burns
easily in air, it is used as a combustion fuel.  The most important uses for
amorphous carbon are as a filler for rubber and as a black pigment in paint (WWW
2).

There are two kinds of carbon compounds.  The first is inorganic. Inorganic
compounds are binary compounds of carbon with metals or metal carbides.  They
have properties ranging from reactive and saltlike; found in metals such as
sodium, magnesium, and aluminum, to an unreactive and metallic, such as titanium
and niobium (Beggott 4).

Carbon compounds containing nonmeta...

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