Nuclear Waste Management

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Term Paper Title	Nuclear Waste Management
# of Words	1135
# of Pages (250 words per page double spaced)	4.54

Nuclear Waste Management

Nuclear Waste Management

     Nuclear energy harnesses the energy released during the splitting or
fusing of atomic nuclei.  This heat energy is most often used to convert water
to steam, turning turbines, and generating electricity.
     However, nuclear energy also has many disadvantages.  An event that
demonstrated this was the terrible incident at Chernobyl'.  Here on April 26,
1986, one of the reactors of a nuclear power plant went out of control and
caused the world's worst known reactor disaster to date.  An experiment that was
not properly supervised was conducted with the water-cooling system turned off.
This led to the uncontrolled reaction, which in turn caused a steam explosion.
The reactor's protective covering was blown off, and approximately 100 million
curies of radionuclides were released into the atmosphere.  Some of the
radiation spread across northern Europe and into Great Britain.  Soviet
statements indicated that 31 people died because of the accident, but the number
of radiation-caused deaths is still unknown.
     The same deadly radiation that was present in this explosion is also
present in spent fuels.  This presents special problems in the handling, storage,
and disposal of the depleted uranium.  When nuclear fuel is first loaded into a
reactor, 238U and 235U are present.  When in the reactor, the 235U is gradually
depleted and gives rise to fission products, generally, cesium (137Cs) and
strontium (90Sr).  These waste materials are very unstable and have to undergo
radioactive disintegration before they can be transformed into stable isotopes.
Each radioactive isotope in this waste material decays at its characteristic
rate.  A half-life can be less than a second or can be thousands of years long.
The isotopes also emit characteristic radiation: it can be electromagnetic (X-
ray or gamma radiation) or it can consist of particles (alpha, beta, or neutron
radiation).
     Exposure to large doses of ionizing radiation causes characteristic
patterns of injury.  Doses are measured in rads (1 rad is equal to an amount of
radiation that releases 100 ergs of energy per gram of matter).  Doses of more
than 4000 rads severely damage the human vascular system, causing cerebral edema
(excess fluid), which leads to extreme shock and neurological disturbances
causing death within 48 hours.  Whole-body doses of 1000 to 4000 rads cause less
severe vascular damage, but they can lead to a loss of fluids and electrolytes
into the inte...

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