How Organism Learn: Classical And Operant Conditioning

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Term Paper Title	How Organism Learn: Classical And Operant Conditioning
# of Words	842
# of Pages (250 words per page double spaced)	3.37

How Organism Learn: Classical and Operant Conditioning

How Organism Learn: Classical and Operant Conditioning

     There are two main explanations of how organisms learn.  The first
explanation is known as classical conditioning.  The second explanation is known
as operant conditioning.  These two types of learning are exhibited in our
everyday lives through our home, school, and school.
     Classical conditioning was discovered by Iran Petrovich Pavlov.  He was
originally a physiologist whose main focus was the digestive system (Gazzaniga
230).  His discovery was made during a study on the salivation of dogs when
given food.  Pavlov observed that the dogs began salivating at the sound of the
scientists footsteps and at their appearance into the room (231). This led
Pavlov to study the phenomenon further.
     The experiments that Pavlov was originally observing were based on the set
of unconditioned stimulus and its unconditioned response.  What is meant by
conditioned is that the response is automatic and based on instinct.  To
compliment this name the stimulus is known as the unconditioned stimulus (Myers
260). With Pavlov's new observations a new set of stimulus and response was
found.  This new set is known as the conditioned stimulus and the conditioned
response.  What is meant by conditioned response here is that the response was
learned.  The stimulus begins as neutral and causes no conditioned response.
However, if the neutral stimulus can be associated with another stimulus, then
it becomes a conditioned stimulus.
     Classical conditioning can be exemplified in the home, school, and school.
In the home a child could smell brownies baking in the kitchen which makes her
mouth water.  The brownies are the unconditioned stimulus, the smell is the
conditioned stimulus, and the watering of the mouth is the conditioned response
(Myers 267-68).  In work a man may be waiting to be fired.  When he sees his
boss he begins to sweat.  The unconditioned stimulus is getting fired, the
conditioned stimulus is the sight of the boss, the conditioned response is the
sweating.  In school a boy may be in class when suddenly the fire alarm goes off
at which time the boy walks to exit the building. The unconditioned stimulus is
fear of a fire, the conditioned stimulus is the sound of the alarm, and the
conditioned response is the exiting of the building.
     Operant conditioning is an organism's learning an association between how
it behaves and what happens as ...

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