Individual Viruses Have Evolved Interesting And Unique Lifestyles. One Consequen

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Term Paper Title	Individual Viruses Have Evolved Interesting And Unique Lifestyles. One Consequen
# of Words	1246
# of Pages (250 words per page double spaced)	4.98

     Individual viruses have evolved interesting and unique lifestyles.  One consequence is that battles have been won or lost when a particular virus infected one army but not its opponent.  Viruses have wiped out native populations of several continents.  Entire countries have been changed geographically, economically, and religiously as a result of virus infections with no known cures.  Spongiform Encephalopathies (Bovine, BSE), a somewhat new virus most common in cattle has been closely linked to Kuru, Scrapie, and CJD.
     Over 200 years ago farmers in England, Scotland, and France noted that some sheep suffered a progressive loss of balance, shaking, wasting, and sever itching that caused them to rub their hinds and flanks against any upright post.  The name scrapie, was given to this disorder.  Owners of healthy flocks noticed that their animals contracted scrapie only after introduction of a new breeding stock later found to bear the disease.  Eventually sheep exported from England infected herds in Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa.  Only extermination of the affected animals stopped scrapie from spreading, but by then it was distributed widely throughout Europe, Asia, and America.  In the 1930’s,   J. Cuillé provided evidence for the first transmission of scrapie to a healthy sheep and documented that the agent was in brain extracts taken from scrapie-infected sheep and passed through filters with pores small enough to retain all microbes but viruses and perhaps other yet to be identified agents.
     At about the same time and into the 1960’s, a disease among the isolated Fore tribespeople in the central New Guinea highlands, an area under Australian administration, was investigated by Drs. Vincent Zigas and D. Carlton Gajdusek:

In 1957, Dr. Vincent Zigas and I first described the rapidly fatal disease, kuru, a strong, new subacute, familial, degenerative disease of the  central nervous system.
On first seeing kuru, we had suspected it to be a viral meningeoncephalitis, only
to find very little in the clinical picture, laboratory findings, or epidemiology, to
support such a suspicion.  We had early considered association of the disease with
extensive cannibalism, but soon dismissed this as unlikely when cases of the
disease were encountered in individuals whom we did not believe had engaged in
the ritual cannibalistic consumption of diseased relatives, the prevailing practice in
the region.

     Kuru, which means shivering or trembling in t...

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