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WORLD HISTORY: Change Gathers Steam: 1800-40

WORLD HISTORY: Change Gathers Steam: 1800-40

French ideals and empire spread. Inspired by the ideals of the French
Revolution, and supported by the expanding French armies, new republican
regimes arose near France: the Batavian Republic in the Netherlands
(1795-1806), the Helvetic Republic in Switzerland (1798-1803), the
Cisalpine Republic in N Italy (1797-1805), the Ligurian Republic in Genoa
(1797-1805), and the Parthenopean Republic in S Italy (1799). A Roman
Republic existed briefly in 1798 after Pope Pius VI was arrested by French
troops. In Italy and Germany, new nationalist sentiments were stimulated
both in imitation of and in reaction to developments in France (anti-French
and anti-Jacobin peasant uprisings in Italy, 1796-99).
From 1804, when Napoleon declared himself emperor, to 1812, a succession of
military victories (Austerlitz, 1805; Jena, 1806) extended his control over
most of Europe, through puppet states (Confederation of the Rhine united W
German states for the first time and Grand Duchy of Warsaw revived Polish
national hopes), expansion of the empire, and alliances.
Among the lasting reforms initiated under Napoleon's absolutist reign were:
establishment of the Bank of France, centralization of tax collection,
codification of law along Roman models (Code Napoleon), and reform and
extension of secondary and university education. In an 1801 concordat, the
papacy recognized the effective autonomy of the French Catholic Church.
Some 400,000 French soldiers were killed in the Napoleonic Wars, along with
600,000 foreign troops.
Last gasp of old regime. France's coastal blockade of Europe (Continental
System) failed to neutralize Britain. The disastrous 1812 invasion of
Russia exposed Napoleon's overextension. After Napoleon's 1814 exile at
Elba, his armies were defeated (1815) at Waterloo, by British and Prussian
troops.
At the Congress of Vienna, the monarchs and princes of Europe redrew their
boundaries, to the advantage of Prussia (in Saxony and the Ruhr), Austria
(in Illyria and Venetia), and Russia (in Poland and Finland). British
conquest of Dutch and French colonies (S Africa, Ceylon, Mauritius) was
recognized, and France, under the restored Bourbons, retained its expanded
1792 borders. The settlement brought 50 years of international peace to
Europe.
But the Congress was unable to check the advance of liberal ideals and of
nationalism among the smaller European nations. The 1825 Decembrist
uprising

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