DIABETES

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Term Paper Title	DIABETES
# of Words	2069
# of Pages (250 words per page double spaced)	8.28

DIABETES

Diabetes is a chronic, genetically determined, debilitating disease that effects every organ system. There are two major types of diabetes: Type I and Type II. Type I or insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), is caused by the autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas and is usually, but not always, diagnosed in childhood. People with type I diabetes must take insulin shots in order to survive. Type II diabetes or non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), are usually diagnosed in adulthood. (Juvenile Diabetes Foundation, 1-2) They produce insulin, but their bodies do not use it effectively or properly. While many modern diseases plague society, diabetes has been known of for many centuries.
History of the discovery and treatment of diabetes. Diabetes: ‘dia’ = through, and ‘betes’ = to go. In 1500 BC, the Papyrus Ebers of Ancient Egyptians had a number of remedies for combating the passing of to much urine (polyuria). Hidus in the Ayur Veda recorded that insects and flies were attracted to the urine of some people, that the urine tasted sweet, and that this was associated with certain diseases. In 1000 BC, the father of medicine in the India, Susruta of the Hindus, diagnosed Diabetes Mellitus (DM). Greeks like Aretaeus, Celsus, and Galen described DM. Aretaeus first defined the difference between DM and Diabetes Insipidus (DI), a rare disease characterized by the passage of larger amounts of urine and intense thirst. In 276 BC, Demetris of Apamea refines the diagnosis of DM. In 230 BC, Caelius Aurelianus said that Apollonius of Memphis coined the term "diabetes". Apollonius thought it was a form of dropsy. Paul of Aegina refined further the diagnosis of "dypsacus" (diabetes), associated with the weakness of the kidneys and excess moisture from the body, leading to dehydration. He prescribed a remedy of pot-herds, endive, lettuce, rock-fishes, juices of knotgrass, elecampane in dark colored wine, and decoction of dates and myrtle to drink in the first stages of the disease, followed by cataplasms to the hypochndrium over the kidneys consisting of vinegar, rose oil, and navel-wort. He warned against the use of diuretics, but venesection (cutting of veins) was permitted. In 45-117 AD, Aetius prescribed a cooling diet, diluted in wine, and cooling applications to the loins as a treatment for DI. For later stages he used opiates and mandragors. In 865-925 AD, Arabian writer Rhazea transl...

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