Basics Of Genetics And Genetic Engineering

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Term Paper Title	Basics Of Genetics And Genetic Engineering
# of Words	1892
# of Pages (250 words per page double spaced)	7.57

Basics of Genetics and Genetic Engineering

my name
my teacher,the hour
June 5, 1996

     Genetics is the study of how physical, biochemical, and behavioral traits are
transmitted from parents to their offspring.  The science of genetics started in 1900, when
the work of Gregor Mendel was discovered.  Mendel described the inheritence patterns of
garden peas. He suggested after researching his pea-plant experiment that each parent has
pairs of units but contributes only one unit for to each pair of its offspring.  These units
were later given the name genes.
     Every cell comes from a division of a cell that is already existing.  For example, all
cells that make up a human being are derived from divisions of a single cell, called the
zygote.
     Chromosomes usually occur in pairs and are various sized and shapes.  The
members of each pair ar called homologues.  The human body contains 23 pairs of
chromosomes, while the fruit fly contains four pairs.  Every chromosome in a cell is
known to contain many genes and each gene is located at a particular site, or locus, on the
chromosome.
     Theodore Oswald Avery a Canadian-born Physician nad bacteriologist who is
known for wondrous discoveries in the genetic field.  He earned his medical degree at
Columbia University's College of Physicians and Surgeons.  He was the first to show that
the agent responsible for transferring genetic information was not aprotein , as what was
then thought in his time, but the nucleic acid DNA.  Avery and his co-workers extracted a
substance from a type of bacterium with a smooth surfac and introduced the substance
into a rough surfaced type of bacterium.When the rough surfaced bacteria was
transformed into the smooth-surfaced type, he knew the substance that had been extracted
contained the gene that coded ford the smooth surface.  He and his team purified theis
substance and found it was pure DNA.  Avery published the results of this research in
1944.
The genetic material is deoxyribonucleic acid, or simply put, DNA.  DNA is a molecule
that forms a the "backbone of a chromosome. Since the continuous molecule is is long and
thin the genes are a part of that molecule.  Because the DNA is a chain of minute subunits
called nucleotide bases, each gene includes many bases.  In the chain four different bases
exist- adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine.  Their order in each particular gene
determines its properties.  Genes puat out their effects through...

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